How Linguistic Features of African American Vernacular English (also Research Paper

How Linguistic Features of African American Vernacular English (also known as African American English) Have Been Used to Teach Standard American English - Research Paper Example The use of contrastive strategies can sensitize Black youth to differences between Standard English and their vernacular thus assisting them in learning the standard dialect. The topic under consideration is â€Å"How linguistic features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) or African American English (AAE) have been used to teach Standard English.† The dialect is also called Black English or Ebonics. African American children have performed relatively poorly in English classes, and one of the reasons behind this performance could be an admonition of their native dialects. Educators need a new strategy that works with black vernacular rather than against it. The use of AAVE as a facilitative language for Standard Education can boost communication and cooperation between learners and teachers. In 1996, a California school board sparked a lot of controversy when it announced that it would include home languages in classrooms, and that teachers would be trained appropriately to work with such students (Pullum, 1999). This was nothing new in American schools, but unlike other uncontroversial languages like Spanish, the most predominant language spoken by children in the school was AAVE. Media experts, African American educators, White middle class teachers, Black families and several other stakeholders lashed out against this policy proponents. A number of them, especially black parents, felt that using AAVE in the classroom would condemn black communities to narrow ethnic enclaves. They worried that their children would be unable to fit into the wider society. Others in the media made ignorant comments about AAVE by calling it nothing more than street slang. These individuals objected to the use of AAVE in classes because it was perceived as a watered-down version of Standard English, laden with mistakes, mispronunciations and abusive slurs (Perez, 1999). Contrary to what these critics assume, AAVE is a dialect in its own right. Slang is limited to small

Eating out Vs. Eating In Essay Example for Free

Eating out Vs. Eating In Essay Throughout the years the economy has changed drastically, putting us into a terrible recession. Gas prices have increased, taxes have increased, and many foolish, young girls are having babies that they cannot support, causing them to go on welfare, making hard working citizens such as you, and me pay for their needs. Food is an essential part of daily life. Why waste even more of my hard earned money by eating out, when I can easily save it, and be much healthier by eating in? I am on a tight budget, very family oriented, and conscious about my health, so eating at home, rather than going out is more beneficial because it’s healthier, cheaper, and more comfortable for me to be in my own environment. I don’t know about you, but to me, there is nothing better than a full wallet, a full belly, and being able to kick back, relax, and enjoy the comfort of my home. First off, eating at home is much healthier than eating out. Preparing food at home allows me to control the ingredients that I add to the meal, and I can be sure that the food and dishes are properly cleaned, since I did it myself. Being a huge germ-a-phoebe, I always wash my dishes in hot water, and use lots of soap. I find relief in knowing that only myself, and my family have used our utensils; no one else. Furthermore, I always make sure to thoroughly clean my food before I cook it, to ensure that it is not rotten, and all the bacteria is removed. I do this mostly with meats, lettuce, fruits, and vegetables. I am very conscious about my weight, and my health, so I eat in portions, grill instead of fry, and try to cut out as many carbs, sugars, and fats as I can. However, restaurants do not try to cut out any of those things. In fact, restaurant meals are often fried, and contain high sodium, oil, and fat, which can cause high cholesterol, and weight gain, making them very unhealthy. It also cuts down my options on their menu a great deal. I find it very important to eat healthy so I can keep my energy levels up, maintain a strong mind and body, and prevent myself from possibly developing any health issues in the future. Statistics show that 1 in 4 people a year, suffer from food poising caused by eating out. When I eat at a restaurant I always worry about who is touching my food, if their hands are clean, what they put in my food, or if the food is old, or cleaned properly. I also worry about the eating utensils, and if they are cleaned thoroughly. If they are not, I could be ingesting millions of germs and bacteria from a complete stranger who ate there before me. Restaurants are public places with many people inside; some of which could be ill. If I were to come in contact with them, I could easily catch their germs, and become ill as well. When I eat at home, prepare and clean my own food, and use utensils that I cleaned myself, I never have to worry about any of those health risks caused by eating out. Secondly, eating at home instead of at a restaurant enables me to cut down on my budget, and save more money. Usually, there is always food at my house. My mom always buys macaroni and cheese, soup, lunch meats, cereal, or hot pockets. Whenever I don’t have a taste for any of those things, or if there is none left, my mother and I take a five minute walk to our local Jewel-Osco, where they always have great deals. Just the other day, we bought a four pack of boneless chicken breasts, a pound of pasta, pesto sauce, mushrooms, garlic, lemons, and a 2-liter of soda, for a total of roughly $32 dollars. Restaurants, on the other hand, have to ensure on making enough money to buy more ingredients, pay their employees, pay bills, etc. , so food prices at restaurants are always higher than food I buy at the grocery store, and prepare myself. For example, when my family of four goes out to our favorite Italian restaurant, Giacomos’s, and we order the same exact meal my mother and I purchased at Jewel, it is $16 dollars a plate per person, plus $2 dollars per glass of soda, 25% of the bill as a tip for the waiter, and around $10 dollars in gas to drive there. That totals out to be around $100 dollars, meaning we save roughly $70 dollars just by eating in. A U. S. survey shows that a family can save around $2,000 dollars a year, just by eating at home. Last but not least, I am much more comfortable eating at home, rather than eating out at a restaurant for many reasons. A few years ago, I was with my friend, Sarah at Panera Bread, and a middle aged man came and sat down at a table right next to us, even though there was many empty tables further away. While I was eating, I started to tell Sarah a joke, and when I reached the punch line, we both burst out laughing, and so did the man. After that, he kept staring at me eat, while listening intently to more of our conversation. I felt very annoyed, uncomfortable, and I just wanted to leave. Sometimes restaurants are also very crowded, and noisy, and they have disgusting looking bathrooms that have toilet paper all over the floor, and they smell like rotting pee. Like I mentioned, I am a germ-a-phoebe, and I’m also claustrophobic, so it is very hard to find peace, and comfort in an environment like that. Furthermore, any time I go out to a restaurant, or in public, I always try to look my best just in case I run into a cute guy, or someone I know. This of course takes time. I have to put on makeup, do my hair, and try on a hundred different outfits until I am completely satisfied with how I look. Most of the time I’m satisfied with tight fighting clothing that squeezes my whole body, causing extreme discomfort. Yet when I eat at home, I don’t have to waste time doing any of those things. I can be a bum if I want to, and wear sweatpants. I don’t need to put on makeup, I can throw my hair up in a messy bun, and not have to worry about impressing anyone. Most importantly, I don’t have to stress out about it being too crowded or noisy in my home, since I only live with three other people. I can even sit on my couch, relax, and watch my favorite TV shows while I eat, all snuggled up, comfy, and stress free. More so, I can use my own clean, and fresh smelling bathroom without having to wait in line, or squat above the toilet seat. Can’t beat that. In conclusion, I prefer eating at home rather than eating out because it is healthier, cheaper, and much more comfortable. Not to mention much more sanitary also. I don’t have to worry about food poisoning, nosey strangers, being broke, getting ready, or being uncomfortable. Restaurants cook mainly fatty foods, charge way too much, and are usually crowded and noisy. After a long, hard day at work, I can’t wait to kick my shoes off, change into comfy PJ’s, eat a healthy dinner, and relax in my quiet, stress free house, saving time and money, while finding comfort in the privacy of my home, sweet home.

Movie Analysis Of Leadership Development

Movie Analysis Of Leadership Development You gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You must do the thing you think you cannot do. -Eleanor Roosevelt The above stated lines speak up the spirit of Norma Rae and the power of a leader. The quotation highlights the two main points shown in the film; the strength and courage of a woman and the idea of justice and equal rights for all. The film shows how an oppressed, young American lady who in initial stage did not had courage to fight against intolerable environment, converts into a charismatic leader and helps up bringing the whole textile labour society. The Film: The film Norma Raes release came in an era when labour unions were falling out of favour with the American public and politicians appeared eager to criticize organized labour for harming American competitiveness in the global marketplace. Norma Rae (played by actress Sally Field) focuses on the experiences of an individual who lived in Roanoke Rapids, NC and played a leadership role in the struggle to win union representation from the J.P. Stevens Company. Her real name was Crystal Lee. Crystal Lee had grown up in a family of mill workers, laboured in a variety of jobs, including textiles, and then, rather suddenly, discovered an interest in unions when she heard the speech of an organizer who had come to Roanoke Rapids. She successfully demonstrated that power is not based on title or status; it comes by connecting with people and standing up for what you believe in (Goleman et al, 2002). The movie clearly sends out the message that strong will power, hard work and determination can surely make impossible possible. It substantiates the bonding between a leader and his follower, the importance of such a symbiotic relationship and how the follower can become a leader too by synergizing bonds. It is a live commentary on the inherent leadership potential lying latent in everyone of us and how the environmental factors, situations and a suitable guidance can convert us into a charismatic leader. The movie begins with the loud noise of machines in the mill doing its job and still shots from Ms. Raes life from being an infant to a sad woman, one amongst the 800 mill-workers; a cog in the cotton mill machinery who is not enjoying life, but is only struggling with it to survive. Workers are portrayed as being machines themselves making machines in unceasing eight hour shifts and trying to come to terms with this machine age .Norma Raes mother facing the problem of temporary deafness due to the unbearable noise produced by the machines in the mill. These pathetic working environmental conditions with short and few breaks in-between the working hours, no windows, no proper working conditions and poor management played a major role in transforming Norma Rae into a leader. To begin with, she is a young, hard working, energetic lady with no decided goals. She is a rebel without a cause, unharnessed youth of the age who fearlessly confronts the management. The bosses first tried to hold her by offering a rise in salary by 1$/hr and offering a higher position than others. At first, she plays into their hands, she accepted the offer, but when she was cut off from her people and saw an attitude change in them then she realizes a very important lesson of life that to find strength, one must be with and from the people. Then comes into play Reuben Warshofsky (played by Ron Leibman), an urban union leader who knows the labour laws and the legal system and just needs an insider to materialize his goals from within, who could support him in serving the good cause of publicising the labour union and telling the benefits of it. With Ruebens coordination and learning, Norma slowly transforms into a strong and confident leader. This symbiotic conventional mentor-protà ©gà ©e bond develops into an affective partnership where Norma and Reuben spread awareness and overcome personal and work related obstacles together. Reubens authority, knowledge and wittiness to handle situations helped making a path and strategy to confront the problems. Norma Rae had been marketed to the American public as a story about a female Rocky and as a film that exuded feminist spirit while not overtly preaching feminism. Leadership Styles: There are various leadership styles reflected by various characters in the film Norma Rae, following theories and styles help us explain them: Leaderships gender perspective Transformational Leadership Authoritarian and Participative leadership Style Contingency Theory and Situational leadership Vision Development Conflicts Social Identity Theory Leaderships gender perspective: Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, She doesnt have what it takes. They will say, Women dont have what it takes. (Clare Boothe Luce) There is a cultural ideal in most societies that generally men are the leaders. This ideal persists despite the fact that women in many nations have participated in governing the whole nation operating at the topmost positions like Prime Minister and President (Table 1). There still seems to be, in some circles, a belief in some societies that women do not belong in the leadership, and are especially ill-perceived in leadership positions. There still appears to be a commonly held belief that, while women are tolerated in the ranks, many men still believe that leadership in their domain alone. The male centred society has usually associated women with certain specific roles; such taking care of household tasks, looking after children etc. The film Norma Rae tries to evolve such typical and orthodox mindset. The above said sentences can easily be collected from a scene where Normas husband shows anger on her when she used to come late and tries to let her realize her duties towards hou sehold works like washing clothes, cooking food, and looking after kids. But Norma made him realize that she has been working for a great cause and motive and he should understand it. Norma proves it to the whole society that women can not only look after the house and children but also can work, earn, lead and change the system. She also proves that women who are not associated with leadership can be taught and developed to be good leaders. It is truly and beautifully said that: Women have certain characteristics that give them an edge over men in being leaders, like- empathy, and a caring attitude (Heller, 1982). Transformational Leadership: Transformational leadership is a leadership approach that is defined as leadership that creates valuable and positive change in the followers. A transformational leader focuses on transforming others to help each other, to look out for each other, to be encouraging and harmonious, and to look out for the organization as a whole. In this leadership, the leader enhances the motivation, morale and performance of his follower group (source: www.wikepedia.org). This is a leadership style exhibited primarily by Rueben, Norma gradually adopts this style. Transformational Leadership occurs when the leader take a visionary position and inspires others to follow. The essence of transformational leadership lies making the followers understand the goals and inspire them to achieve them (Bass et al, 1994). Like many other leaders Norma used the help of her mentor Rueben to understand various leadership traits. To understand the complexity of the environment Rueben who is the mentor here shares all his knowledge and expertise with his protà ©gà © Norma, to become a better leader. Norma evolves as a leader with the help of her mentor, Rueben. She learnt about how she can help people to fight the inequality and how to make them stand against the prevailing evils in the work environment. She understands the fact that: To lead, one must follow. -Lao Tzu Reuben has better Leadership skills than Norma, but his profession and demands matched while that of Norma didnt. Ruebens strength lies in the fact that he inspires people to come forward and realise their potential. He follows the principle of Leadership Development. Reuben better knows how to use the processes of leadership development, i.e., assessment, challenge and support (Howell et al, 2006). Rueben has a better understanding than Norma about of the psychology of his followers to inspirationally motivate them and intellectually stimulate them (Pierce et al, 2008). He makes Norma and the workers understand the fact that a union is essential for them and thus sets the ball rolling. Norma takes the lead and spreads awareness amongst the workers. Normas leadership style is quite inspired by Rueben and she also grows up into a transformational leader. Norma learned the lesson from Rueben: If you are not the lead dog scenery never changes (Source: LeadershipAdvanceOnline) Authoritarian and Participative leadership style: Authoritarian: This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice of their followers. (Source: www.nwlink.com) Norma is shown as an energetic and hard working character in this film, thus authoritarian characteristic, though in a very small content, is exhibited in her natural characteristics. This style is used when Norma tells her peers working for the formation of the labour society about what they want to be done and how she wants it to be accomplished, without getting the advice from them. This leadership style can even be seen the scene when Norma shouts on one of her peer for not getting the work done on time and she had to spend extra effort on augments than to concentrate on other core tasks like planning and management. This leadership style is primarily exhibited by management of O.P Henley textile mill; the management is too much authoritarian and does not want any employee to raise voice against the odds in the mill. The management misuses its authority to restrict union activities been performed by Norma in the work place. The management is least bothered about the employee care , they just want the work to be done without giving any concerns to the voice, needs and requirements of employees. The management of O.P Henley textile mill seems to deny the truth: The key to successful leadership today is influence, not authority. -Kenneth Blanchard Participative (Democratic): This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it) (Source: http://www.nwlink.com) This leadership style is very much exhibited in the Norma Rae character of the film; in fact the core of the film revolves round this leadership quality. Norma Rae participates in decision making with Rueben. Planning, controlling, pursuing, managing, organizing, and all other tasks are performed by her in a participative manner, either with the peer members of the union supporting group, peer workers or Rueben. An example of participative leadership of Norma could be seen in a scene in which she and the fellow employees wear a large union button in the work setting to speak their fellow workers about joining a union which was protected under the new rules. Norma used to involve and convince people working in the mill to get involved in union formation; she generally used to take inputs from peer workers and Rueben on how to manage tasks. Situational Leadership: Another leadership concept clearly visible from the film Norma Rae is Situational Leadership or the Contingency Theory of Leadership. As per this concept the leadership style is contingent to situations and circumstances (Howell et al, 2006). It is said to be the best style of leadership. The style to be used depends on the readiness level of the people the leader is trying to influence (Pierce et al, 2008). Norma Rae realized the intolerable situation of the textile mill workers were working in, that propelled her to change of the situation and lead the labour society to form a union for their own and for the sake of whole textile labour society. Situational leadership is clearly demonstrated by Norma Rae in the scene when after getting fired from her job in the mill, she mounted a table in her work room and held up a sheet of cardboard with the word UNION marked on it in large letters. She turned around slowly, demonstrating her bold message to the assorted hemmers, terry cutters and packers in the room. As a result of this action, the workers who had been facing the unbearable situations since long, without revolting, were stunned and realized that the time has come to be united and to stand against the management for the common objective of equality and justice, Norma clearly demonstrated her leadership in the odd situation, this scene though silent left a big impact and played a major role in union formation in American textile industry. By demonstrating situational leadership at various instances Norma Rae proved the following definition of leadership: Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it Dwight Eisenhower Vision Development: A vision is a guiding image of what success looks like. It answers the question what do you wish to become. (Source www.thepracticeofleadership.net) Norma Rae is a southern textile worker employed in a factory with intolerable working conditions. She was born and brought up in a family of workers who were facing these conditions since long. In the opening scene of the movie, the viewer is immediately introduced to what it might really be like working all day in a textile factory. The operation of the machinery is deafening. At the end of the scene, we discover that is exactly the case as Norma Rae realizes her own mother cannot hear. Norma from her past had a vision of what is prevalent in the environment and needs to be removed, but since she was used to it and was unaware of her latent leadership abilities she was unable to pursue that vision. Rueben made her realize her leadership capabilities and supported her vision to resolve the issues which she and the society was facing since long. To use vision as a strategy, she needed to define three elements-the plan, current state and desired state (Refer appendix 2). It means defin ing where she was now, where she wanted to be in the future and how she was going to get there This concern about the situation gave her the gumption to be the key associate to a visiting labour union organizer. They knew the present situation, they developed a plan and structure to bring as many people together with them as possible. Together, they undertook the difficult, and possibly dangerous, struggle to unionize her factory) and saved the future of many workers working in textile industry. It was their vision which led them to succeed and let them attain their objectives. Normas success which was lead by her vision justifies the following quote: The very essence of leadership is that you have to have a vision. Its got to be a vision you articulate clearly and forcefully on every occasion. You cant blow an uncertain trumpet. -Theodore Hesburgh Conflicts: Dont be afraid of opposition. Remember, a kite rises against; not with; the wind. Hamilton Wright Mabie This is the main idea which Norma Rae seems to be following in the film. Any leader cannot grow without facing conflicts or without fighting the situations against him/her. In the film Norma Rae, Norma also comes across various conflicts while trying to achieve her goal. The first conflict is at her workplace i.e. against the management of O.P. Henley Textile Mill, the mill management never wanted Norma to form a union, and the management was against her since the beginning of union chapter. Norma had to face many conflicts from the management, some examples of it are, the management warned her at various moments that she might lose her job if she continues to raise voice for union in the work place, she was asked why she used workplace telephone in office hours?, she was asked to remove the unions button, she was warned while favouring the Unions notice on the notice board at work place, But Norma continued with her union objectives and kept on publicising the union, its cause and i ts functions to her peers, finally the management called the police chief to take her away to book her on disorderly conduct charges. Norma Rae did not leave calmly. She kicked, twisted, and screamed, and she had to be stuffed into the squad car and kept behind the bars for a night. At her home, being a lady she was expected to cook food, wash clothes, look after the kids, and perform all other household activities, but since she was very much involved in the union activities she could not take out time for all these works, there was a conflict between her and her husband regarding the same on which she reacted aggressively showing her discontent that while she kept busy in work it was the responsibility of him to take care of such tasks. All these conflicts made her stronger to fight for her cause. Social Identity Theory: Social identity theory: leader is picked by followers or chosen to be supported by followers because s/he is most like them. (Source- Slides) Norma Rae is a co-worker of the labours in the O.P Henley textile mills, this is an additional benefit which she enjoys to become a leader of them and for them, as stated in the social identity theory. There is a peer trust relationship between Norma and her followers, followers know that Norma is well aware of the situations and conditions prevalent in the working condition as she is one of them. This trust, respect and belief can be seen when she held up a sheet of cardboard with the word UNION marked on it in large letters, all her followers supported her and stopped working, they knew that what she was doing is for them and for their well being. In an earlier scene we see that Norma was offered a better designation and salary as that of peers, but when she realised the value of social identity she left the designation. Norma knew that without winning the confidence of her peers and without being one of them she would not be able to succeed to reach her destination. She knew the v alue of social identity. Conclusion Norma Rae though a great social transformer, does not depict the characteristics of a very great leader with a big following. In fact, Norma didnt even have any followers as seen from a conventional view. Yet, she achieved and benefited many. She transformed the way labours were treated in the society, depicting a very interesting, unique and a subtle style of leadership. Norma Rae proved that passion and not position is where courage of a great leader to fulfil his vision, comes from. She along with Reuben, achieved her goal of establishing a union, yet facilitated the workers to believe that it was their effort and achievement. The following lines best describe the leadership style of Norma Rae: Go to the people. Learn from them. Live with them. Start with what they know. Build with what they have. The best of leaders when the job is done, when the task is accomplished, the people will say we have done it ourselves. -Lao Tzu Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Vision as a Strategy

Short story analysis :: essays research papers

"THE STORY OF TONY DELVECCHIO" "This is the story of a man who grew up, lived, worked with, and became friends with some of the most famous and infamous people of our time and he lived to tell the tale." A father angrily picks up his son from jail who was arrested with a couple of local wise guys. As they leave the prison, the son is confused by his father's behavior. He thought his father would be proud since he heard all the stories of his father's past, being best friends with John Gotti and Frank Sinatra. The father takes him up to the cabin to tell him the story of his life. The father's name is Tony Delvecchio. He begins telling his son the story of his life as a wise guy. Tony used to take beatings from his father, after his father got through beating his mother. Tony grew up in the poor town of Newark, New Jersey. To escape the beating Tony became a fighter working out in the local gym. That is where he caught the eye of the local wise guys. It was his first fight and Tony was killing his opponent. He took the rage of his father out on the other fighter. This is when the two local wise guys thought that he could be useful. Smudgie and Demus ran Newark for the Mafia. They invi ted Tony to dinner and brought him to Jillys, the hottest nightclub in New York at the time. Frank Sinatra, Marilyn Monroe and Peter Lawford were there. From the day on, he knew that this was the life he wanted. Smudgie started liking him and became like a father figure. This took him in to a life of collecting debts and running numbers for the mob. He had everything he thought he ever wanted. He had money and could do what ever he wanted. He learned quickly the rules and the most important rule of them all never to rat. After a while, the big boss's son wanted to make an example of Smudgie, mostly because he was getting too much power. Therefore, they put a hit out on Smudgie. The hit went bad and Smudgie took out most of them but Smudgie, himself was hit. They were still after him and Tony helped the only father he really knew escape. That meant he had to lay low for a while.

Year 11 Physics: the World Communicates Dot Points

The World Communicates 1. The wave model can be used to explain how current technologies transfer information * describe the energy transformations required in one of the following: mobile telephone, fax/ modem, radio and television Energy transmission in mobile telephone: ound wave energy (input sound) -> electrical (in transmitting phone) – > radio wave (transmit signal) -> electrical (in receiving phone) -> sound (output sound) * describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, two or three dimensions, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium A wave is a travelling disturbance which transfers energy without transporting matter. They may occur in 1D, 2D or 3D, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium. D- slinky, laser light >>> only moves in one direction 2D- water wave >>> propagates in all directions on a single plane 3D-light, sound, all EM waves >>> spreads/ radiates in all directions fro m a single point *identify that mechanical waves require a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not Mechanical waves require a medium (particles in order to propagate) while electromagnetic waves do not. Classification of Waves: in terms of medium > mechanical (requires), electromagnetic (doesn’t require) -in terms of particle oscillation > mechanical >>> transverse (perpendicular), longitudinal (parallel) * define and apply the following terms to the wave model: medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength, velocity Mechanical Waves -require a medium to propagate -involves the transfer of energy through a medium by the motion of particles of the medium itself -particles moves as oscillations or vibrations around a fixed pointTransverse waves (e. g. light) – mechanical waves – particles of the medium oscillate back and forth in a direc tion perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation -does not require a medium Longitudinal/compressional waves (e. g. sound) -mechanical waves -particles of the medium oscillate back and forth in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation -requires a medium Period (T) – time taken for a single wave to pass through a fixed point OR the time taken for a particle of a medium to make one complete oscillation (measured in seconds) -T = 1fFrequency (f) – number of waves that pass through a fixed point per second OR number of complete oscillations of a medium particle in one second (measured in hertz > Hz) Medium – material through which a wave can propagate Displacement-shortest distance from initial position to final position of a particle Amplitude (A) – maximum displacement of particles from the undisturbed state (equilibrium position) Compression – zones where particles are closer together than in their undisturbed state Rarefaction – zones where the particles are further apart than in their undisturbed state Crest- highest part of the wavesTrough- lowest part of the wave Wavelength (? ) – distance between 2 successive identical points on a wave (e. g. distance measured in metres, between adjacent crests or troughs) Velocity (v) – speed at which the wave transfers energy away from the source * describe the relationship between particle motion and the direction of energy propagation in transverse and longitudinal waves Particles in a transverse wave oscillate back and forth in direction perpendicular to direction of propagation.Particles in a longitudinal wave oscillate back and forth in direction parallel to direction of propagation. * quantify the relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength for a wave: Velocity is directly proportional to the product of the frequency and wavelength of the wave. 2. Features of a wave model can be used to account for the properties of sound * id entify that sound waves are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium Sound Waves -are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium classed as a mechanical longitudinal wave -when sound wave propagates, vibrations of the particles create pressure variations within that medium -frequency of a sound is determined by the frequency of the original vibration,NOT by the medium it travels through (i. e. frequency of a sound doesn’t change through any medium) -speed of sound is different in different media -sound travels fastest in solids, followed by liquids then gases (i. e. higher density- particles packed more closely together- vibrations travel faster) -speed of sound in air = 343 m/s relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the crests and troughs of transverse waves used to represent them Compressions > crests Rarefactions > troughs * explain qualitatively that pitch is related to frequency and volume to amplitude of sound waves The amplitud e of a sound wave determines the volume of the sound. high amplitude = high volumelow amplitude=low volume Likewise, the frequency of a sound wave is directly related to the pitch of a sound. The higher the frequency, the more vibrations per second, and thus, the higher the pitch.High frequency= high pitchlow frequency=low pitch * explain an echo as a reflection of a sound wave Echo – forms when a sound wave reflects off a hard surface and rebounds back to its original source, essentially becoming the reflection of a sound wave. – wide variety of applications including SONAR (Sound Navigation And Ranging) > method for finding the depth of water and detection of animals and other objects in water * describe the principle of superposition and compare the resulting waves to the original waves in sound Superposition- also known as wave interference when two or more waves of the same type pass through the same medium at the same time, they will interfere with each other -individual component waves will interfere to give the resultant wave -position of any point on the resultant wave is the sum of the amplitudes of the component waves -rules to superimpose component waves: 1. End points 2. Intersecting points 3. Crests/ Troughs -note: > curve + curve = curve gt; curve + line = curve > line + line = line > once component waves no longer interfere with each other, they will return to their initial state -constructive interference > component waves are in phase (crests and troughs aligned) -destructive interference > component waves 180? out of phase (crests of one wave aligned to troughs of the other and vice versa) > resultant wave is a straight line 3.Recent technological developments have allowed greater use of the electromagnetic spectrum * describe electromagnetic waves in terms of their speed in space and their lack of requirement of a medium for propagation Electromagnetic Waves – travel through space at the speed of li ght, 3Ãâ€"10? m/s. – do not require a medium to propagate (i. e. can pass through a vacuum, are all transverse waves) – e. g. gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible (VIBGYOR), infrared, microwaves, radio waves * identify the lectromagnetic wavebands filtered out by the atmosphere, especially UV, X-rays and gamma rays Waves able to penetrate atmosphere and reach surface of the Earth> visible light, radio waves, microwaves -too much exposure to UV radiation can result in cancers and dangerous mutations -too much exposure to X-rays and Gamma radiation would quickly kill us -Earth’s atmosphere has the ability to absorb ay incoming high energy radiation * identify methods for the detection of various wavebands in the electromagnetic spectrum EM Wave| Detectors| Source|Gamma| Geiger Muller tube| Nuclei of radioactive atoms and cosmic rays| X-ray| Fluorescent screen| X-ray tubes| Ultraviolet (UV)| Photo/solar cellsFluorescent chemicals| Very hot objectsArcs and s parksMercury capour lamps| Visible| Photo/ solar cellsEye| Hot objectsLampsLasers| Infrared| Special photographic filmSkinSemiconductor devices such as LDR and photodiode| Warm and hot objects (e. g. ire, people)| Radio/ Microwaves| Aerials connected to tuned electric circuits in radio and TV sets| Microwaves and ovensTV and radio transmitters using electric circuits and aerialsOscillating electrons| Note: the sun is a producer of all EM waves sending all bandwidths to Earth Photographic film detects all EM waves except for radio/ microwaves * where k = amount of energy of source, d = distance away from source, I= intensity explain that the relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and distance from a source is an example of the inverse square law:Intensity – the energy received per square metre per second at a distance away from the source Attenuation – decrease in the strength of the signal or light -EM waves decrease in intensity the further th ey are away from the source – to reduce attenuation in long distance communication, signal needs to be either: > sent out as a very large strong signal > signals travelling long distances need to be amplified at repeater or booster stations along their path * outline how the modulation of mplitude or frequency of visible light, microwaves and/or radio waves can be used to transmit information Bandwidth – space taken up in terms of frequency Modulation – process of adding (encoding) signal information to an EM wave Amplitude Modulation -signal wave encoded onto carrier wave by adding amplitude of signal wave and carrier waves using principle of superposition -turns into resultant modulated wave -information stored in variations of amplitude -constant frequency, changing amplitudes when received, radio receiver will decode variation in amplitude to obtain original signal, which is then amplified Advantages| Disadvantages| * requires a much smaller bandwidth of frequencies for transmission * number of transmissions possible in the AM band is larger| * depend on changing of amplitude through superposition of waves and therefore e very prone to interference |Frequency Modulation -signal wave added to carrier waves by changing frequency of carrier wave -information stored in variations of frequency -constant amplitude, changing frequencies low signal corresponds to low frequency and vice versa for high signals Note: frequency bands = megahertz (MHz)= _x10^6 m/s Advantages| Disadvantages| * since FM waves store information on varying frequencies, less prone to interference -harder to influence frequency of a wave by interference and superposition| * each transmission utilises a large bandwidth * different transmitters must be allocated different frequency bands for transmission to avoide interference with each other * limited number of transmitters allowable in given area| discuss problems produced by the limited range of the electromagneti c spectrum available for communication purposes -each transmission requires different frequency bands, but available bandwidth for certain types of EM waves is limited so there’s a possibility may run out of bandwidth and have transmissions start interfering with each other 4. Many communication technologies use applications of reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves * describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of reflection from a plane surface on waves Reflection – When a wave strikes a boundary, it bounces back.This is known as the reflection of a wave. Law of Reflection: – angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection – incident ray, reflected ray and the normal are on the same plane * describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and microwaves have assisted in information transfer Light > fibre optic communcation Radio waves > AM/ FM radio transmission Microwaves > microwave repeating stations (to boost intensity of received signals through use of parabolic concave surface of satellite dishes) > mobile phone, internet cable data describe one application of reflection for each of the following: plane surfaces, concave surfaces, convex surfaces, radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere Plane > dressing and shaving Parabolic concave > satellite dishes (to reflect incoming signals to an antenna at the focus, hence amplifying signal), used in microwave repeating stations and radar control towers to boost intensity of received signals) >produce parallel beams of light used in torches, car headlight, etc Convex > shop security mirrors and side view mirrors (provides wider range of view) Radio waves reflected by ionosphereIonosphere – region of Earth’s atmosphere which consists of charged particles (electrons and ions) -charged property allows it to reflect low frequency (high wavelength) EM waves such as radio waves -this ref lection property enables the transmission of radio waves to receivers that are ‘out of sight’ due to the Earth’s curvature * explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a wavefront Wavefront – a line that joins all the point that are in phase in a wave (e. . a line that joins all crests, so is perpendicular to direction of propagation) Refraction – when waves travel from one medium to another, where they experience a change in speed, travel different distances (for the same interval of time), causing its wavefronts to bend. This changes the direction of propagation of the wave. Exception – when wave hits boundary between the two media at right angles, incident wavefronts are parallel to boundary, or incident angle is 0? -wavelength and velocity change -frequency remains the sameWhen a wave travels from a more dense to a less dense medium, direction of wave bends away from the normal and vice versa. Note: deep water is less dense than shallow water * define refractive index in terms of changes in the velocity of a wave in passing from one medium to another Refractive Index – the absolute refractive index of a material is a ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material RI = cv , where c is the speed of light, and v is the speed of light in material It is the change in velocity of a wave passing from one medium to another. related to optical density (i. e. high RI = high OD and vice versa) * define Snell’s Law: = = n? n? * identify the conditions necessary for total internal reflection with reference to the critical angle Total internal reflection occurs when the incidence angle is greater than the critical angle. * i. e. boundary totally reflects the waves, hence the wave never escapes the medium it is in Critical angle: – wave travelling from more dense to less dense – angle of incidence forms an angle of reflection of 90? the critical angle) * outline how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres Fibre-Optic Communication – optic fibres made of glass or plastic materials -An optical fibre consists of a core (made of material with higher RI/ is more optically dense) and a cladding – Light encoded with data is guided along the length of the fibre via total internal reflection until it reaches the other end where the information is extracted and decoded Advantages| How/ Why| large amount of data can be transmitted at any one time * suitable for transmitting information where straight line transmission is impossible * interferences by outside disturbances are minimised since light waves are confined within fibres * energy lost due to long distance transmission minimised| * by using a group of many fibres * light waves only travel in straight lines * light waves are confined within fibres * energy of light waves totally trapped with in core of fibres| . Electromagnetic waves have potential for future communication technologies and data storage technologies * identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in digital form * fibre optic communication * AM/FM radio broadcasting * mobile telephone calls * satellite communication

Native Americans & Christopher Columbus Essay

Indubitably, the acts made upon Indians for the sake of progress were atrocious. Brutal and cruel murders of millions of Indian peoples resound to this day. Their populations may never recover from such an incredible loss; the past can be ignored but never erased. However, we as Americans, celebrate Christopher Columbus day with joy. We think only of ‘The Founding of America’ and not by the means of which our country was constructed. To Indians everywhere this holiday is simply a remembrance of the murder, torture, rape, and enslavement of their people that last hundreds of years. So why do we celebrate such an insidious act? Because we justify the imposition of others for the sake of human progress. However is this tactic progressive at all? When Zinn writes â€Å"If there are necessary sacrifices to be made for human progress, is it not essential to hold to the principle that those to be sacrificed must make the decision themselves? † he is simply asking if there is something to be lost for the gain of progress, shouldn’t the ones who are to lose make the decision to be the â€Å"necessary sacrifice†. Indeed, I believe that if the imposed party were given the choice to either be sacrificed or not, for even the sake of progress, they would not be willing. Its basic human nature, self preservation, and so the majority of people, I feel would not be logically able to make such a choice. Therefore, yes, I do believe that until people as a whole are able to make peaceful resolution and keep their word, that necessary sacrifices must be made but with only with the heaviest of heart. No one can refute that the destruction of the Native Americans and their homes was a terrible time in history that should not be repeated. I feel the genocide of these Indians was necessary to get where we are as humans today. If the Spaniards and other conquerors had led peaceful resolutions the United States would neither function, nor geographically look the same as it does today. We cannot say what a peaceful relationship between foreigners and the Native Americans could have brought, for we did not experience it and must only rely on what we know. What we know is, though terrible, the deaths of those people have brought us to the modern face of America and all the technological advances that have been achieved with it. This should not be celebrated with holidays such as Christopher Columbus Day, for it was indeed only the beginning of mass extinction for the American Indian and should only be respected for the many souls that lost their life for the sake of â€Å"human progress†. From my perspective the Columbian exchange should be viewed in a negative light. This occurrence in history has most often had a positive connotation attached to it; however, the murder of millions should never be looked upon as a positive. Crops, animals, diseases and culture were traded among the Indians and foreigners. Many of which made the America’s desirable to be cultivated and populated. It is for these reasons that historians typically categorize this event as a positive instead of the damaging situation it was. History is as said, history. We cannot alter it to suite our present or future; however we can learn from it. Humans as a whole will continue on making mistakes, minor and major, tense and bloody but the Columbian Exchange has taught Americans that they cannot repeat his occurrence in any shape form or fashion. Peaceful resolution should be met if possible, if not reached, then may with the most apprehension and fear, should war be approached. Native American numbers may never recover but we will no longer make them suffer.

Apple Macintosh Marketing

Apple Macintosh Marketing Introduction Evolution in today’s technology has transformed the world systems’ enormously. At the advent of computers until now, there has been a great leap in technology and consumer’s need for technologically oriented products (Promotion: Integrated Marketing Communication 2010; Palmer and Hartley 2008; Schieffer 2005).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Apple Macintosh Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With processes that were perceived to initially take very long time to complete, computers and related technology has ensured such processing time is drastically reduce based on their processing speed. Technical and highly abstract algorithms have now been redefined by the using computers; this has enabled tremendous advancements in technology. The advancements have been largely defined and successfully based on a number of factors. Currently the trend is that technology would be benefic ial as per its application (Capon 2009; Chan and Mauborgne 2004; De Mooji 2003). To date, computer age is perhaps the fastest evolving facet of life. This has necessitated manufacturers of computer related products to find ways of producing products that are highly technical and user friendly. Synonymously, Microsoft Corporation and Apple Incorporation are the major computer technology manufacturers who have continued to strive in gaining a sizeable market share of their products. Lately, Microsoft Corporation products have gained a substantial share of the market as opposed to Apple Incorporation’s products. However, as brand preference trends continue to change, it seems that each of these companies has its own command of commercial dominance. This research was intended to study the reasons as to why Apple’s operating system, the Mac OS X is not as popular with computer users as it’s counterpart Microsoft windows operating system. The study involved a market r esearch meant to highlight the key factors that have led to this status. One of the ways the study was done involved the use of questionnaires (Deshpande 1993). It was necessary during this process to understand reasons why Apple Mac enthusiasts acquired Mac OS X preloaded systems, yet still went ahead to buy Microsoft windows operating system and installed o their Apple Mac hardware.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was assumed that in order to understand this trend and offer conclusive market research findings then the windows and Mac OS X operating system users were interviewed and then preference data based on the features and use of each of the operating systems gathered and analyzed (Silberschatz, Gagne and Galvin 2002). Generally, in the operating system market share, Apple Mac OS X only commands a total market share of 7%. Therefore, this market research attempted to point out the reasons behind this trend and possible solution or remedies deduced. Therefore, although there are other operating systems like UNIX and Linux that have little market share, this research only focused on Microsoft windows operating system and Apple Mac OS X. The findings of this market research are likely to assist the manufacturers of the Mac OS X operating system to redefine their marketing strategy or possibly re-engineer their product to improve their market share (McQuarrie 1996; Orville and Mullins 2007). Executive Summary Computer has become a tool and necessity in all activities we carry out today. As a product the computer is quickly evolving to try and satisfy the ever changing technological requirements of its user. This research focused on a commitment of the computer system as well as one operating brand preference over the other (Doole, Lancaster and Lowe 2004; Hague, Hague and Morgan 2004; Jobber 2009). The research was intended to enumerat e the reasons for Apple Mac OS X commanding only a 7% market shares whereas the Microsoft windows operating system takes about 70%. Generally, the research findings pointed out the fact that most users encounter the Microsoft windows operating system at entry level which unlike the Mac OS X, which is uncommon. As a result many people gets quickly acquainted to Microsoft’s windows operating system even before they can try to use the other operating systems. Therefore, the brand preference trend indicates that Mac OS X has a 7% of the total operating systems’ market share, of the sixty people interviewed during this market research on brand preference, only six respondents had a preference for the Mac OS X, this translated to about 7%.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Apple Macintosh Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These respondents were indeed those who encountered Mac OS X during their intro ductory levels to computer literacy and usage. It is therefore valid to assume that these respondents are loyal users of Mac computers that are preloaded with the Mac OS X. The conclusion to this research indicates that Mac OS X has ways in which they can improve their market share. Continued aggressive campaigns can contribute to such progress. Users seem to prefer consistency, a feature they seem to attach to the windows operating system as opposed to Mac OS X (Patton 2001). Therefore, Mac OS X can also redefine their standard features that would not change their subsequent releases (Apple Computer Inc. 1994; Lu 1992). One of the resource persons indicated the fact that snow leopard, one of Mac OS versions was as unpopular as Microsoft vista, yet the company did very little when compared to their rivals. Rather than keep changing and introducing new features, Mac OS can attain product stability if they would improve their products features, a factor that can help them to command a larger market than what they have now. Research Methodology This was a comparative research and hence a qualitative approach to research was considered suitable. Qualitative research approach is an explorative process used to collect, analyze and report data based on certain research question (Calder 1977; Creswell 2006). This approach went through a number of steps which formed the design of the study. these included identifying the research problem, research purpose specification, design selection and collecting data, analyzing the data, reporting and analyzing the research as a whole, results dissemination and finally evaluation of the research. The qualitative approach requires that data be collected and organized before analysis. The data would then be coded and themes and descriptions be derived to establish a concept based on them. This is how the data was validated for accuracy and reliability.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The qualitative research approach is different from quantitative approach where the latter calls for explanation and prediction of relationships among variables. The quantitative approach begins with a theory whereas qualitative approach ends with the hypothesis. Samples in the quantitative approach are selected based on scientific theory. Mathematical models are used to validate data in the quantitative approach to research. After a thorough examination of various methods available for conducting our research, it was decided that the research questions be answered when data was being obtained directly from the targeted subjects through questionnaires which formed the primary research portion of this study (Beall 2010; Blythe and Megicks 2010). The data was further evaluated using qualitative approach. The approach was used to analyze the collected data from the questionnaires. Questionnaires were considered suitable for this research because they are cost effective and can be admin istered easily even when the researchers wanted to collect confidential data from the respondents (Bradley 2010). In the designing stage, the researcher made a plan and prepared a methodology which had to be clear enough to avoid confusion or data redundancy. How to design the questionnaires and the questions to be asked were then arrived at in line with the research question and objectives. The participants were then selected as per the criteria that were derived from the research objective. The number of respondents used in this research was based on the subject under investigation where a total of sixty participants were considered a good sample size. Secondary data was also collected based on the critical review of the documents and web content based on the assessment of the continuous low percentage in using Apple Mac OS X as compared to the Microsoft windows operating systems. The literature selected were those concerned with the brand preference for operating systems, likely reasons for these variations in brand preferences between Microsoft windows operating system and Apple Mac OS X. The results of the research were very essential in making the final recommendations and conclusion. An analysis strategy was carefully done in line with the research questions, objectives and hypothesis (Blythe 2008; Bond, Stone and Bryan 2004; Bonoma 1985). Before this, the collected data was used to compare the research findings with related literature in order to develop accurate results that could be relied upon when making recommendations for the disparity highlighted over the usage of the two operating systems. Determining the resource persons for the research, the research objectives and the research questions were all developed prior to the event of data collection. In qualitative research, the researcher has to be actively involved though interactions and participation in an attempt of coming up with the best results. There are some general roles assumed by a res earcher as stated below; Taking responsibility for finding out what is expected in the research. Taking the initiative in raising problems or difficulties. Helping the supervisory team to ensure consistency. Discussing with the supervisory team how to make guidance more effective, including disability related concerns. Undertaking research training as agreed and where need is identified. Undertaking recommended reading. Producing written work as agreed. Complying with reporting procedures and informing supervisors of the progress of his research. Reporting to the supervisor about difficulties he/she encounters in his work. Arranging for informal sharing of information and practice. Generating own ideas. Setting realistic deadlines. Asking and seeking clarification when he/she dont understand. Deciding when to submit the thesis and ensure that it is submitted on time. Ensuring that the thesis complies with regulations. During this research the researcher conducted some prior discus sion where he informed the participants on what was expected of them as a request. The information and hypothesis formulation were established based on the field study data gathered by questionnaire as well as literature reviews. It is obvious that there is a lot of relevant data in the public domain related to brand preference as far as operating systems is concerned. The table (Table 1) below summarizes some of these statistics gotten from the research. Table 1: Percentage usage for the operating systems from Microsoft and Apple Research Findings The general conclusion from the research findings based on the respondents, is that about 71.7% showed preference for Microsoft’s operating systems range. The reasons cited ranged from having faith in an established brand name to trusting a product with consistency. One ardent Microsoft windows operating system user noted the fact that it was easier to learn and use subsequent versions of the windows operating systems, made it eas ier to cling on the product. There was also a general public notion that a product that is widely used had a better quality than the one used with fewer people. However, this research could not prove such facts considering putting into consideration that in other device categories Apple’s Mac OS headed the group over Microsoft as indicated in the trend preference diagrams below (LeVitus 2011). Table 2: Percentage usage for operating systems – see appendix for chart. The usage trend can further be plotted as indicated in the graph below Mobile devices category shows that Apple’s iOS has a larger market share than Microsoft products as indicated in the chart below These findings also indicate that Microsoft windows operating systems were closely associated with the IBM hardware. However, it was not mandatory that all IBM hardware would be preloaded with Microsoft windows operating system. Contrary, Apple’s hardware had Mac OS preloaded on all their hardw are. This meant that users had more freedom to choose the operating system to install on non Apple computers. Ostensibly, the operating system of choice for this kind of set up was a Microsoft windows operating system. It is possible that Mac OS can compete more effectively with Microsoft windows operating systems if it would be freed from Apple Mac computers. Some of respondents interviewed during this research pointed out the fact that the windows operating systems had an upper hand in terms of the available gaming software than Apple’s Mac OS X which was more video oriented. As such a category of computer games enthusiasts are automatically locked out from the Mac OS X hence would prefer windows due to such limitations. However, in smart phone operating systems the trend is a reverse, with the Mac OS X having an upper hand over windows about nine times behind Apple (see the chart above). The fact that Mac OS X was preloaded and shipped with the associated hardware, the Mac computer for the past two decades made the market uptake of this operating system sluggish. In any case people would still buy Mac computers because they want to own a Mac even as the survey revealed. However, it was observed that people would also buy windows boxes because they wanted a computer; this ha led to more people being acquainted to the windows operating system as the computer operating system of their time. Still the pricing that Apple tagged on their preloaded system was far out of reach for the ordinary computer buyer who would opt for the windows box instead and therefore ended up with the windows operating system as first choice (Zeithaml 1998). Conclusion and Recommendations This market research has established a number of vital findings that can be of benefit to Apple Incorporation to improve on their Mac OS X market share. Most important though is the fact that most of the respondents interviewed indicated that they more easily associated with Microsoft windows o perating systems because the price of Mac computers which are usually shipped preloaded with Mac OS X were way out of their reach. Though ardent Apple Mac OS X buyers and users enumerated the features that they mostly like be included in subsequent Mac OS X versions, these included the gamming components, which they rated a head to head comparison with Microsoft’s operating systems. Even the ardent still went to get a copy of Microsoft Windows operating system according to respondent no16 on their Mac computers to ‘test and feel it’. Generally, some ardent Mac OS X users were once Microsoft windows operating system users who decided to change for exploration purposes. Therefore, they still have a preference for the Microsoft operating system. However, the study also revealed that the Mac OS X has a stronger following from those who use UNIX which offers comparable features to the Mac OS X. This study indicates that the trend is not likely to change very soon unle ss Apple Incorporation radically redesign the Mac OS X so that it be platform independent. It can be considered from the study that Microsoft effectively captured a market need for affordable computers and used a pricing strategy to set up their competitive advantage (Solomon 2008; Strategic marketing plan: Center for business planning, 2010; Wilson 2002; Wilson 2006). This has effectively achieved a sizeable market share that is currently standing at around 90% of all desktop operating system buyers. The probable recommendation based on the findings from this study would be, to advice Apple Incorporation to find ways of shipping Mac OS X or subsequent versions as independent products. This should go with a price revision and feature enhancement which is likely to positively contribute to Mac OS X market share. Therefore, as much as Mac OS X commands a nine times lead over Microsoft windows within the smart phone category, Apple Incorporation can effectively utilize this to their ad vantage if they re-introduce the Mac OS X as a separate product from their Mac computer. Reference List Apple Computer Inc., 1994. Inside macintosh (Apple Technical Library). 2nd ed. Muchen: Addison Wesley Publishing Company. Beall, A., 2010. Strategic Market Research: A Guide to Conducting Research that Drives Businesses. Bloomington: iUniverse Star. Blythe, J. and Megicks, P., 2010.Marketing Planning: Strategy, environment and context. 6th ed. London: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Blythe, J., 2008. Essentials of Marketing. 4th ed. London: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Bond, A., Stone, M. and Bryan. F., 2004. Consumer Insight: How to Use Data and Market Research to Get Closer to Your Customer (Market Research in Practice). London: Kogan Page. Bonoma, T., 1985. Case research in marketing: Opportunities, problems and a process. Journal of Marketing Research, 22(2), pp.199-208. Bradley, N., 2010. Marketing Research: tools and techniques. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Oxford: OUP Oxford. Cald er, B., 1977. Focus groups and the nature of qualitative marketing research. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), pp. 353-364. Capon , C., 2009. Understanding the business environment. 3rd ed. London: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Creswell, J., 2006. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Chan, K.W. and Mauborgne, R., 2004. Creating uncontested market space: Blue ocean strategy, [Online] Available at: valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_kim_blue_ocean_strategy.html . De Mooji, M.K., 2003. Consumer behavior and culture. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc. Deshpande, R., 1983. Paradigms lost: ON theory and methods in research marketing. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(4), pp.101-110. Doole, I., Lancaster, P. and Lowe, R., 2004. Understanding and managing customers. London: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Hague, P., Hague, N. and Morgan, C., 2004. Market Research in Practice. London: Kogan Page. Jobber , D., 2009. Principles and practice of marketing. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. LeVitus, B., 2011. Mac OS X Lion for dummies (For Dummies (Computer/Tech)). Hoboken: For Dummies. Lu, C., 1992. Apple macintosh book. 4th ed. Redmond: Microsoft Press. McQuarrie, E., 1996. The market research toolbox: A concise guide for beginners. Thousand Oaks: Sage Inc. Orville, C.W. and Mullins, J.W., 2007. Marketing Strategy: A decision focused approach. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill. Promotion: Integrated Marketing Communication, 2010. USC Marshall, [Online] Web. Palmer, A. and Hartley, B. 2008. The Business environment. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Patton, M., 2001. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Schieffer, R., 2005. Ten Key Customer Insights: Unlocking the Mind of the Market. Boston: South-Western Educational Pub. Silberschatz, A., Gagne, G. and Galvin, P., 2002. Operating system concepts (Windows XP Update). 6th ed. New York: Wiley. Solomon, M.R., 2008.The truth about what consumers want. Boston, MA: FT Press. Strategic marketing plan: Center for business planning, 2010. Business plans, [Online] Web. Wilson, A., 2006. Marketing research: An integrated approach. 2nd ed. London: Financial Times/ Prentice Hall. Wilson, A., 2002. Marketing research: An integrated approach. London: Financial Times Management. Zeithaml, V., 1998. Consumer perceptions of price, quality and value: A means end model and synthesis evidence. The Journal of Marketing, 52(3), pp. 2-22.

Ceasar Chavez essays

Ceasar Chavez essays Cesar Estrada Chavez founded and led the first successful farm workers union in history. When he passed away on April 23, 1993, he was president of the United Farm Workers. i. Born March 31 1927 near Yuma, Arizona ii. Age 10-father losses house and land. iii. 1939 Settles to East San Jose (Sal Si Puedes) iv. Worked fields in California. (Oxnard, Atascadero, King City, Salinas, Delano...) B. Return to Sal Si Puedes- San Jose (1952) i. Fred Ross- Organizer of CSO (Community Service Organization) b. Battling racial and economic discrimination against Chicano residence c. Organizing CSO chapters across Ca. iii. CSO national leader late 1950s till early 1960s i. Tried to convince CSO to commit to farm worker organizing iii. National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) v. If youre outraged at conditions, then you cant possibly be free or happy until you devote all your time to changing them and do nothing but that But you cant change anything if you want to hold onto a good job, a good way of life and avoid sacrifice. i. Started a five-year boycott on Delano grape growers with an AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor ii. Two unions merge to form the UFW (United Farm Workers) a. From the beginning UFW carried principles of non-violence. b. Created a flag with the Aztec Eagle A symbol is an important thing, that is why we choose the Aztec Eagle. It gives pride.... When people see it they know it means dignity c. 25 day fast in 1968 to reaffirm the UFWs commitment to non-violence. d. Robert F. Kennedy one of the heroic figures of our time ...

An essay to support a thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An to support a thesis - Essay Example Bennett has portrayed the story of a single mother namely Rebecca Fuerte who sold cigarettes and wax matches in different public places to make both ends meet (Stiles). It is mainly because she could not afford a place for selling cigarettes. Lack of legally owned place has resulted very negligible income for the protagonist due to which she cannot even feed her son. In this manner, the author has projected that Rebecca is concerned about his son’s future which is predictably poor. Herein, the author makes it evident that because of lack of space, it is complicated for poor people to earn living. Despite her inability to officially use public spaces, the protagonist continues to sell cigarettes by consuming different public places without any license because she had no other option (Stiles). Furthermore, authors stated that legal space license is not just the only problem that poor people might face. There are a number of other problems as well such as other vendors who torture sellers like protagonist of the story to move away from public places. The reason behind such an action is because it harms vendor’s position in the market (Stiles). Another consequence of poverty due to lack of official public space ownership is that one has to travel one place to another. A person who is poor and unable to get an official space would never ever be able to settle down in life. The author of the short story has also mentioned that Rebecca moved to several places along with her son in order to get a place where she could sell cigarettes and earn money. She visits place to place both public and private. Since she belonged to a poor class of the society therefore, she has been projected to least worry about the official and unofficial use of space. The article also tells that in a city it is difficult to find a place to do business on the street for those who cannot afford to make their living. This is reflected as author noted,

Memorandum on Public Adminstration Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Memorandum on Public Adminstration - Case Study Example The level of infant mortality is an important indicator of health status of a community. Health People 2010 consensus document stated the reduction of infant mortality rate as one of its objectives. Numerous documentaries reveal the existence of racial disparities in infant mortality rate (IMR). African Americans and other racial minority groups experience a slightly higher IMR as compared to the IMR experienced by the whites. The disparities in neonatal mortality occur due to factors influencing the birth of extremely preterm infants and the access to specialized pediatric and obstetric care. Neonatal mortality accounts for about 67 percent of the national IMR (Khanani et al., 1). Therefore, the risk of preterm birth is a fundamental factor to assess when seeking to decrease the infant mortality. Infant death rate is a key gauge of a nation’s health. It measures the number of infants that die before they reach the age of one year. Most studies on the impacts of WIC on infant’s health have methodological limitations. In most of these studies, the independent measure is often eligibility rather than participation and measure of the results being cause of infant death or timing of those deaths. Population based surveys including WIC program participation are limited. Besides studies examining the effects of timing of WIC are very rare. Evidence on the effects of interventions such as nutritional and prenatal care on birth weight and other features of infant’s health in US populations is variegated. This makes it uncertain on how the WIC program might affect infant mortality. Since its founding in 1974, the WIC program has gained the reputation of being a successful federal funded nutrition program in the US. Numerous findings of previous studies reviews and reports show that WIC program is cost effective in nurturing and improving the health and nutritional status of

Information Technology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Information Technology - Term Paper Example of the future that will guide how various pieces of new technology are either successfully integrated within the scope of any given project, or are discarded as being unnecessarily and waste of resources. As you know, Magnum Enterprises has enlisted my to head the information technology management team. As such, I wish to outline my understanding of what this important role entails, and how such an effective management of new software and hardware to implemented company wide can help to facilitate a more streamlined and profitable business model in the end. Not all software and hardware is created equal. Software developers and hardware engineers, for example, do not necessarily concern themselves with the practical applications of their various inventions. Instead, they are tunnel visioned on creating the best product they can, regardless of the end user or industry that will eventually make use of them. These individuals are sorely needed in the information technology realm of the modern age, yet recent history has shown us that they are not necessarily equipped to adequately manage the effective implementation of such products with the scheme and scope that defines Magnum Enterpri ses. In fact, some software packages and hardware tools may the best available, yet be determined to be inefficient within the working organisation that we ourselves have created. As such, it will be my role to work with my team to determine the very best products on the market that will truly push us forward with maximum efficiency and productivity. In my estimation, that is the role of the information technology manager. The first task our team should accomplish is to analyze the needs and priorities that we have in each division at Magnum. We need to ensure that we understand these critical areas in order to effectively manage the software and hardware that we incorporate into these areas to meet the objectives of each respective team (Benamai, 2007). In essence, the

Positive Behavior Intervention Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Positive Behavior Intervention Plan - Case Study Example His mother referred the boy to me after he started portraying a lot of aggressiveness especially towards his friends as well as older brother. Collins is of Asian origin and is extremely attached to his iPad. He is always on his iPad, which he refuses to give or share with anyone. He turns extremely aggressive when anyone gets near him particularly when he is using his iPad. This boy has both parents and one brother who is older than he is. His belligerence is characterized by recurrent verbal outbursts in addition to offensive actions towards his friends, brother, or at times to his parents. Additionally, when the iPad is taken from him, he breaks everything he gets hold of. Collins demonstrates aggressiveness mainly when prevented from doing what other considered wrong or when he wanted to get something forcefully from others, particularly his iPad. To assess Collins, I together with his mother used indirect assessment. A number of strategies were used to assess the boy. One of the strategy entailed cross-examining the mother. Additionally, the mother filled the Functional Behavioral Assessment Screening Form (FBASF). Moreover, the assessment entailed use of Functional Assessment Interview Form (FAIF). The forms helped get information regarding the settings, circumstances, and the extent of aggressiveness displayed by Collins. Additionally, direct behavior observation was done on Collins. Functional Assessment Interview Form (FAIF) results revealed that Collins have a tendency to be more aggressive when bothered specifically when using his iPad. On several occasions, he would go to the extent of breaking anything within his reach especially when anyone tried to take his iPad from him. Direct behavior observation showed that he was more likely to get aggressive when his brother who attempted to take the iPad. On some occasions, he would yell loudly and kick at anyone close to him.

Briefly outline the North and South divide in UK with the Essay

Briefly outline the North and South divide in UK with the representation of it in Brassed off - Essay Example ile attention is paid first to a variety of social, economic and political indicators of these persistent divisions and of the more complex mosaic of in equality that underlies them†. In the particular paper it is the country’s North-South divide that is going to be analyzed mainly through the film â€Å"Brassed off†. In fact, the North-South divide in England is not a recent phenomenon. This situation appeared in the country approximately in the beginning of 21st century. Doran et al. (2004, 1043) who studied the specific issue found that the North-South divide in England was mainly expressed through a significant differentiation in health services provided to the local populations. For this reason Doran et al. made a research using as a sample seven social classes in the areas under examination using as a criterion the health services available in the relevant regions and found that â€Å"the widest health gap between social classes, however, was in Scotland and London, adding another dimension to the policy debate on resource allocation and targets to tackle the health divide† (2004, 1043) The reasons for the existence of this phenomenon can be many. In accordance with the study of Morgan (2006) the political decisions taken by the parties throughout the years should be considered as the main causes of this situation. Referring especially to the Labour party Morgan supported that â€Å"one of the unintended consequences of devolution under New Labour is that it might make it more difficult to secure territorial justice between the nations and regions of the United Kingdom; centralized regional policy, the aim of which was to promote economic equity between the regions, has been replaced by a devolved regional policy that aims to promote an economic dividend within each region however in the unlikely event that devolution yields a uniform economic dividend in each region, the result does nothing to redress the territorial inequalities at the heart of the

Proper Management, The Managerial Process Essay

Proper Management, The Managerial Process - Essay Example The major objective of this project is focused on extension of the life of the terminals through replacement of infrastructure to make it more efficient to park, to enable passengers check through security and locate their luggage. The plan comprises of new self service technologies, better stores where people can eat and shop. This will make the Airport more modern, sophisticated, and efficient and a more exciting travel destination. Currently, Terminal D can now cater for more incoming international flights due to the recent addition of three gates at the corridor connecting D and B International terminals. The ongoing renovation will also reopen the existing satellite facility at the E terminal and also build stations for the planned extension of the DART program (Dallas Area Rapid Transit). Risk Analysis is the process that characterises the likelihood, vulnerability and the extent of any risk associated with the occurrence of any natural, manmade or technical disasters as well as other emergencies addressing scenarios of concern and their probable consequences during an ongoing project (Hester, 13). Risk evaluation and analysis at the Dallas Fort Worth International Airport has been done to achieve the programs objective in the expected time, cost and safety and also observe environmental responsibility. An effective risk management process when carried out helps identify sources of risks, uncertainty and evaluating their impact and also helps to determine the most suitable management processes. The TRIP program is subject to higher risk due to the complicated features of the construction processes such as a long period of time before the program is completed, an integrated process, financial intensity and a wide organizational structure. As such, the project manager and the team undertaking of risk assessment and management is crucial to the delivery of the project’s objectives. Risks associated with the TRIP program are divided in to three major

Positive Behavior Intervention Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Positive Behavior Intervention Plan - Case Study Example His mother referred the boy to me after he started portraying a lot of aggressiveness especially towards his friends as well as older brother. Collins is of Asian origin and is extremely attached to his iPad. He is always on his iPad, which he refuses to give or share with anyone. He turns extremely aggressive when anyone gets near him particularly when he is using his iPad. This boy has both parents and one brother who is older than he is. His belligerence is characterized by recurrent verbal outbursts in addition to offensive actions towards his friends, brother, or at times to his parents. Additionally, when the iPad is taken from him, he breaks everything he gets hold of. Collins demonstrates aggressiveness mainly when prevented from doing what other considered wrong or when he wanted to get something forcefully from others, particularly his iPad. To assess Collins, I together with his mother used indirect assessment. A number of strategies were used to assess the boy. One of the strategy entailed cross-examining the mother. Additionally, the mother filled the Functional Behavioral Assessment Screening Form (FBASF). Moreover, the assessment entailed use of Functional Assessment Interview Form (FAIF). The forms helped get information regarding the settings, circumstances, and the extent of aggressiveness displayed by Collins. Additionally, direct behavior observation was done on Collins. Functional Assessment Interview Form (FAIF) results revealed that Collins have a tendency to be more aggressive when bothered specifically when using his iPad. On several occasions, he would go to the extent of breaking anything within his reach especially when anyone tried to take his iPad from him. Direct behavior observation showed that he was more likely to get aggressive when his brother who attempted to take the iPad. On some occasions, he would yell loudly and kick at anyone close to him.

Proper Management, The Managerial Process Essay

Proper Management, The Managerial Process - Essay Example The major objective of this project is focused on extension of the life of the terminals through replacement of infrastructure to make it more efficient to park, to enable passengers check through security and locate their luggage. The plan comprises of new self service technologies, better stores where people can eat and shop. This will make the Airport more modern, sophisticated, and efficient and a more exciting travel destination. Currently, Terminal D can now cater for more incoming international flights due to the recent addition of three gates at the corridor connecting D and B International terminals. The ongoing renovation will also reopen the existing satellite facility at the E terminal and also build stations for the planned extension of the DART program (Dallas Area Rapid Transit). Risk Analysis is the process that characterises the likelihood, vulnerability and the extent of any risk associated with the occurrence of any natural, manmade or technical disasters as well as other emergencies addressing scenarios of concern and their probable consequences during an ongoing project (Hester, 13). Risk evaluation and analysis at the Dallas Fort Worth International Airport has been done to achieve the programs objective in the expected time, cost and safety and also observe environmental responsibility. An effective risk management process when carried out helps identify sources of risks, uncertainty and evaluating their impact and also helps to determine the most suitable management processes. The TRIP program is subject to higher risk due to the complicated features of the construction processes such as a long period of time before the program is completed, an integrated process, financial intensity and a wide organizational structure. As such, the project manager and the team undertaking of risk assessment and management is crucial to the delivery of the project’s objectives. Risks associated with the TRIP program are divided in to three major

Experience on Taking the Test Essay Example for Free

Experience on Taking the Test Essay Taking the Jung Typology Test was a bit fun. It reinforced some of the things I already knew about myself and I also discovered a few revelations along the way. Though, if one has observed, the questions were often repeated, albeit in a different way. Some questions were also ambiguous, especially if the trait being asked was not concretely experienced by the individual. For example, the â€Å"do you trust reason rather than feelings?†Ã‚   line was quite hard to ponder, since the instances where I trust reason and the instances where I trust feelings depends on the circumstance that I am in. Personality Fit Based on the test, I am an ENTJ—slightly extraverted, moderately intuitive, distinctively thinking and moderately judging. I am quite surprised that I have a moderately judging personality. I also thought that I am largely introverted, for my desire to maintain only a few close relationships. Perhaps, being a slight extravert means that I transform into one gregarious, engaging individual if it would be opportune for me. Overall, however, I have always been aware of most of the traits I have, prior to taking the exercise. The Jung Typology test gave me a detailed description of myself. Workplace Strengths The ENTJ type, like the other types have specific strengths for the   workplace . Based on the interpretation by D. Kersey, I am a fieldmarshall, a leader that can visualize, and communicate. It also stated that I am highly organized and coordinated. Being an ENTJ also means that I am efficient   in completing tasks, yet I am also impatient of repetitive errors. In my case, I enjoy being in charge. Having a goal-oriented personality, I also urge my workmates to do the same. Thus, any assignment is sure to be completed in a timely manner. In addition, as the exam indicated, ENTJ’s are devoted to the task at hand, often at the expense of one’s personal life. In effect, the level of commitment that I put in my job usually translates to an output that exceeds the standard. Another positive aspect of an ENTJ is decisiveness. This usually comes handy when time pressure is involved. I believe that having a decision is better than having none at all. Weaknesses to be Adressed However, there are also some weaknesses that must be addressed. Since I am focused on achieving targets, based on the test and on my personal assessment, empathy usually takes a backseat. This usually spells trouble for me. I fail to connect with them in a deeper level, and thus, fall short of encouraging them to work wholeheartedly. Perhaps, it means, that I can sometimes be bullish just to realize the goal at hand. Also, my impatience with repetitive mistakes can dampen spirits of co-workers who are still learning the ropes. Another trait of an ENTJ that can sometimes be a weakness is the desire to control. Since outcomes are of utmost importance, the tendency to dominate is imminent. At times, being in charge brings positive results, especially if the group involved lacks direction and focus. However, oftentimes, it can be misinterpreted as being tyrannical and can cause subordinates to spite the boss, and thus affecting performance at work. These are just some of the things that I have to work on, since it is a well-known fact that part of being an effective leader is having people skills, or soft skills. Without the ability to encourage, inspire and motivate others, a manager or executive would create a lower morale in the workplace. Pitfalls of the Test Taking the Jung typology test has made me more aware of my strengths and weaknesses. Based on the results, I now know that sometimes, my desire to accomplish much may be detrimental to my work relationships. Perhaps, I can still be goal-oriented and efficient without being brash. I can push them to work for a certain standard sans the feeling that they are doing it out of obligation or fear. I think the exam measures some aspects of basic personal managerial competence well by determining for instance the level of extravertness or intuition of the person. However, since it is a yes or no questionnaire, it has pitfalls. It puts the test-taker in a black and white situation, leaving him no room to answer, â€Å"maybe† or â€Å"sometimes†. References Butt, Joe.(2005, February 27).Extraverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging. Retrieved May 6 , 2007 from http://typelogic.com/entj.html. Jung, Carl. Jung Typology Test. Retrieved May 6 , 2007 from    http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes2.asp Kiersey, D. .Rational Portrait of the Fieldmarshall. Retrieved May 6 , 2007   from http://keirsey.com/handler.aspx?s=keirseyf=fourtempstab=5c=fieldmarshal

Use of Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC)

Use of Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) Introduction Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) is one of the commonly used techniques in separation of a wide ranging of analyte based on differences in their structures. In RP-HPLC, the polar mobile phase and nonpolar stationary phase was practised. In this mode of HPLC, the analyte retains into stationary phase by hydrophobic interaction (Hanai, 1999; Swadesh, 2001). The surface area of nonpolar part of analyte molecules is more readily to bind to the RP-HPLC stationary phase. Thus, the less polar analyte will has longer retention time, whereas polar analyte elute more readily. Stationary phase and Column packing In RP-HPLC, the stationary phase is employing of alkylated silica gel column. In other words, the column is packing of nonpolar hydrophobic organic species (eg. octyl, octadecyl and phenyl groups). These hydrophobic organic species attached by siloxane bonds (-Si-O-Si-) to the silica surface (Corradini, Katz, Eksteen, Schoenmakers, Miller, 1998). C18 and C8 phase are most commonly used in the column of RP-HPLC. C18 phase is more hydrophobic as it has longer alkyl chain length which bonded to silica gel. C8 has shorter alkyl chain length compared to C18. It has less carbon attached on silica gel. Besides, phenyl group that bonded to silica surface develops the interaction of aromatic ring (Waksmundzka-Hajnos Sherma, 2011). Mobile Phase The organic solvent such as methanol and acetonitrile are most widely used as mobile phase in RP-HPLC. It is due to they have the characteristic of free of particles and UV transparency (Swadesh, 2001). In addition, acetonitrile, methanol and tetrahydrofuran also served as organic modifiers in RP-HPLC. According to Hanai(1999), the concentration of organic modifiers could alter the overall retention time of analytes. However, the relative changes in retention time are still depends on the properties of analytes (Hanai, 1999; Waksmundzka-Hajnos Sherma, 2011). Furthermore, isocratic and gradient elution also applied in RP-HPLC. In isocratic elution, mobile phase composition is remained constant throughout the elution. For gradient elution, the mobile phase composition is changed continuously throughout the elution. Gradient elution gives a better separation peaks for early eluters and sharper peaks for late eluters, but it need greater skills for method development (Ahuja Dong, 2005) . Detector There are many different spectrophotometric detectors that can be used in RP-HPLC. The main function of the detector in RP-HPLC is to trace and detect the presence of analyte components in the chromatography medium. These detectors are including ultraviolet-visible(UV-VIS) detector, diode array detector(DAD), chemiluminescence nitrogen detector(CLND), refractive index(RI) detector, mass spectroscopy(MS) and others (Swadesh, 2001). UV-VIS detector is the most popular detector among spectrophotometric detectors. Waksmundzka-Hajnos Sherma (2011) stated that UV-VIS detector is utilized by referring to interaction of electromagnetic radiation with analyte sample at the wavelength in the region of 190nm to 1100nm. A high sensitivity of detector is crucial as it also control the signal noise level and drift of the baseline. Applications RP-HPLC methods mostly used to detect known or unknown substances in sample for the quality control. It is applicable in food chemistry, forensic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, toxicological analyses, herbal drugs analyses and others. 2.0 Determination of drug samples by RP-HPLC Reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been generally and effectively utilised to determine numerous drugs samples. Dual wavelength detectors have been employed in the simultaneous investigation of two antispasmodic drugs, phloroglucinol (PG) and its methylated derivative tri-O-methylphloroglucinol (TMP), that are established as pain-relieving drugs when used in combination as they manage to suppress the catechol-O-methyl transferase, relax the smooth muscles, and decrease the abdominal pain induced by glycerol. Present method employing RP-HPLC successfully separate and quantify PG and TMP by using isocratic elution and dual wavelength technique. Apart from studying the injectable sample solution, the serum extracted from blood of healthy volunteers and degraded compounds have also been investigated in order to obtain a complete analysis. Plasma was first centrifuged out of the blood, deproteinated and stock sample was added into the serum obtained. Degrading agent and stress conditions of hydrolysis were used in aid to degrade the PG and TMP. It has been investigated that only oxidation degraded the molecule drastically. (Hasan et al., 2013) Cinitapride hydrogen tartarate has been also estimated by RP-HPLC. Cinitapride hydrogen tartarate is a new prokinetic drug, used as antiulcer agent of the benzamide by acting as an agonist of the 5-HT1 and 5-HT4 receptors and antagonist for 5-HT2 receptors. The preparation of sample solution for this work is simple, by just powdered the tablets and mixed with the mobile phase used. The retention time obtained for cinitapride hydrogen tartarate is 3.737 min. Method validation and optimization have been carried out to validate the findings. (Reddy, Shekar Murali, 2012) Simultaneous investigation of lisinopril and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been employed in bulk, pharmaceuticals formulations and human serum by RP-HPLC. The major uses of lisinopril are treating hypertension and congestive heart failure, preventing renal complications caused by diabetes while NSAIDs (naproxen, flurbiprofen, diclofenac sodium and mefenamic acid) are primarily used for treatment of acute or chronic pain and inflammation. As there might be interactions between lisinopril and NSAIDs, these two compounds must be detected simultaneously. (Sultana, Arayne, Siddiqui Naveed, 2012) Paracetamol, grouped in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been discovered by colorimetric and spectroflurimetric techniques and being realised that it can combine with other drugs and thus, determined singly by RP-HPLC. It has antipyretic, analgesic and weak anti-inflammatory action, generally administered to suppress violent pains in advanced cancers. It has been found out that as concentration of one of mobile phases, ACN is high, paracetamol undergone improper dissolution. Meanwhile, phenomena such as broadening, fronting and tailing were remarkably lessened as ACN concentration gradually decreases. (Devi et al., 2013) Due to the rapid growth of demanding of NSAIDs, it is essential that to determine not the NSAIDs only, but also their combination drugs. The main function of NSAIDs is said to be inhibited cyclooxygenase in vitro and in vivo, hence decreasing the synthesis of prostaglandins which mediate the inflammation. Fifteen drugs have been simultaneously examined by robustness approach, including aceclofenac (ACF), aspirin (ASP), diclofenac (DCF), etoricoxib (ETC), ketorolac (KTL), paracetamol (PCM), salicylic acid (SA), ibuprofen (IBF) and naproxen (NPX) while the combination drugs being studied are clopidogrel (CLP), thiocolchicoside (THC), dextromethorphan (DXM), moxifloxacin (MXF), chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and domperidone (DOM). By varying the method parameters, effect on chromatographic separation of all the drugs can be investigated. (Patel, Samanthulam Shrigod, Modh Chaudhari, 2013) Olmesartan medoxomil is an effective antihypertensive reagent, functioned as inhibitor that prevents the angiotensin II from binding to the AT1 receptors in vascular muscle. The validated analytical method for the Olmesartan medoxomil determination in the presence of its degraded product in bulk drug has been established. The degraded products are formed under the conditions suggested by International Conference of Harmonization (ICH), which are acid hydrolysis (0.1M HCL), alkaline hydrolysis (0.1M NaOH), oxidation (30% H2O2), photolysis (UV), and thermal degradation under stress conditions. The sample was found to be highly susceptible to acid and alkaline hydrolysis and oxidation while for other conditions, no degradation was performed. (Hamrapurkar Gadapayale, 2013) Quantitative determination of oseltamivir phosphate (OSP) has been exercised by RP-HPLC. OSP is the drug to treat swine flu, prevents the virus from releasing by infected cells by selectively blocks the viral surface enzyme neuraminidase. Oseltamivir phosphate is also the drug of choice for treatment of avian influenza that diagnosed to be caused by H1N1 virus. This quantitative method was statistically validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, ruggedness, robustness and sensitivity. (Malipatil, Jahan Patil, 2011) 3.0 Determination of food samples by RP-HPLC Reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been widely used to determine the food samples. Honey is a food sources which consists of supersaturated solution of sugars (mostly fructose and sucrose) and other significant amount of minor compounds such as organic acids, furanic aldehydes and acids, enzymes, amino acids and proteins, mineral and water-soluble vitamins. The characterization of these minor compounds have been known to be a reliable tool to determine the botanical an geographical origin as well as the quality of the honey. Many methods have been launched out for the determination the minority organic compounds such as furanic aldehydes and acids but less for vitamins in honey. So, a new analytical method was proposed which utilize RP-HPLC to determine the presence of five water-soluble vitamins in honey that are vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B9 (folic acid) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Variety of validation parameters have been carried out in this proposed method in term of detection and quantificat ion limit, linearity, precision, sensitivity as well as the bias to validate their findings (Ciululu et al., 2011). In fact, due to the higher concentrations of saccharides, slightly acidic condition and water activity as well as the presence of organic acids in honey, it favor the formation of furanic aldehydes especially 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF). Hence, HMF is a good parameter for determine the quality of the honey. Apart from this, 2-furaldehyde, 2-furoic acid, 3-furaldehyde and 3-furoic acid also has been quantified in honey samples. Hence, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF), 2-furaldehyde (2-F), 3-furaldehyde (3-F), 2-furoic acid (2-FA) and 3-furoic acid (3-FA) has been investigated simultaneously and completely validated on 18 honey samples which different in their age, botanical and geographical origin by RP-HPLC. From the result, HMF was quantified in all samples. 2-F and 2-FA was showed in almost half of the samples whereas 3-F was detected in three honey samples and 3-FA in only one. Validation parameters were performed in term of detection limits, precision, linearity and ac curacy (Spano et al., 2008). Brominated phenols have been known to have strong odor properties and act as key flavor compounds in seafoods. The presence of the bromophenol compounds, their concentration and the marine environments controlled the different in the strength and characteristic of odor and flavor in seafoods. Hence, RP-HPLC was employed to determine the presence of simple bromophenols in marine fishes simultaneously which include 2-bromophenol (2-BP), 4-bromophenol (4-BP), 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP), 2,6-dibormophenol (2,6-DBP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP). All the bromphenols have been extracted from the fish samples by combined steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) with 2mL of pentane/diethyl ether (6:4) and identified by RP-HPLC with UV-detection. (Silva et al., 2005) Nowadays, the employment of food additives in the production of processed and fast foods was gradually increasing throughout the world. However, illegal and excess addition of food additives can cause significant health problems were well known by community. For an example, in china, the ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China strongly prohibited the addition of acesulfame, saccharin, neotame, stevioside, benzoic acid, caffeine and dehydroacetic acid as well as regulated the addition level of sorbic acid to 0.2g/kg into red wine. Variety of methods is available to determine the food additives present in food and drinks. However, simultaneous determination of large amount of food additives in red wine which mentioned as above was proposed by using dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) followed by RP-HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) detection in this study. The red wine samples were undergoes the dSPE methods which considered as most powerful cleanup technologies in re moving various matrix and then analyzed by RP-HPLC with UV detection. Different kinds of validation parameters were utilized to determine the satisfaction and accuracy of the results. Apart from this, amino-functionalized Fe3O4 magnetic polymer (MP) which coupled with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) also proved that it is an efficient absorbent in dSPE extraction procedure which could eliminate most of the interferences in the red wine. (Zhao et al., 2013) Apart from this, the dosage of additives especially preservatives, is the most strictly controlled by EU law because of their potential risk to human health and safety. Nationally and international authorities have been established the guidelines for the usage of preservatives in food and foodstuff which about the maximum dosage, use conditions and type of food in which they can be used. In our daily life, the most common preservatives are sorbic acid, natamycin and lysozyme. So, analytical method for simultaneous determination of the four preservatives in different kinds of cheeses that are sorbic acid, natamycin, lysozyme and benzoic acid by single RP-HPLC was established. Benzoic acid was also included into the determination step is because it can be synthesized naturally from the microbial metabolism even it’s not added technically to cheese during production. All preservatives were extracted from the samples through a simple extraction step and then separated by RP-HPLC. Finally, the analytes were analyzed by a single wavelength UV detector (280nm) and even a triple wavelength UV detector (227nm, 280nm and 303nm) for a more sensitive determination. (Guarino et al., 2011)